In cancer cells, calcium signaling is a critical regulator of metabolic processes that support cell survival. It specifically enhances the activity of TCA cycle enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, which are vital for producing the metabolic intermediates required for rapid proliferation. Beyond its metabolic support, calcium is essential for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and preventing apoptosis.

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regulates a wide array of cellular processes, including proliferation, cell death, migration, and immune response, which are crucial for cancer development. In recent decades, the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis has been recognized as a critical factor in the initiation and progression of malignant diseases. Notably, Ca2+ also plays a pivotal role in modulating proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes through intracellular signaling pathways.

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The ability of calcium influx to disrupt the cell cycle and activate apoptosis pathways has highlighted calcium's potential in cancer treatment. However, the effects of calcium on cancer can only be realized through regulating cellular ionic calcium signaling, which can be achieved with Anti-orbital Ionic Calcium (AIC) therapy.

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Studies on leukemia treatment aim to target intracellular calcium levels, recognizing their crucial role in cancer cell behavior and survival. AIC-SG effectively targets these elevated calcium levels within leukemia cells, leading to their destruction of malignant cells and improving treatment outcomes.

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